Mindset by Carol Dweck
Chapter 1
THE MINDSETS
As a young researcher, just starting out, something happened that changed my life. I was
obsessed with understanding how people cope with failures, and I decided to study it by
watching how students grapple with hard problems. So I brought children one at a time to a
room in their school, made them comfortable, and then gave them a series of puzzles to solve.
The first ones were fairly easy, but the next ones were hard. As the students grunted,
perspired, and toiled, I watched their strategies and probed what they were thinking and
feeling. I expected differences among children in how they coped with the difficulty, but I saw
something I never expected.
Confronted with the hard puzzles, one ten-year-old boy pulled up his chair, rubbed his hands
together, smacked his lips, and cried out, “I love a challenge!” Another, sweating away on
these puzzles, looked up with a pleased expression and said with authority, “You know, I was
hoping this would be informative!”
What’s wrong with them? I wondered. I always thought you coped with failure or you didn’t
cope with failure. I never thought anyone loved failure. Were these alien children or were they
on to something?
Everyone has a role model, someone who pointed the way at a critical moment in their lives.
These children were my role models. They obviously knew something I didn’t and I was
determined to figure it out—to understand the kind of mindset that could turn a failure into a
gift.
What did they know? They knew that human qualities, such as intellectual skills, could be
cultivated through effort. And that’s what they were doing—getting smarter. Not only weren’t
they discouraged by failure, they didn’t even think they were failing. They thought they were
learning.
I, on the other hand, thought human qualities were carved in stone. You were smart or you
weren’t, and failure meant you weren’t. It was that simple. If you could arrange successes and
avoid failures (at all costs), you could stay smart. Struggles, mistakes, perseverance were just
not part of this picture.
Whether human qualities are things that can be cultivated or things that are carved in stone is
an old issue. What these beliefs mean for you is a new one: What are the consequences of
thinking that your intelligence or personality is something you can develop, as opposed to
something that is a fixed, deep-seated trait? Let’s first look in on the age-old, fiercely waged
debate about human nature and then return to the question of what these beliefs mean for you.
WHY DO PEOPLE DIFFER?
Since the dawn of time, people have thought differently, acted differently, and fared differently
from each other. It was guaranteed that someone would ask the question of why people
differed—why some people are smarter or more moral—and whether there was something that
made them permanently different. Experts lined up on both sides. Some claimed that there
was a strong physical basis for these differences, making them unavoidable and unalterable.
Through the ages, these alleged physical differences have included bumps on the skull
(phrenology), the size and shape of the skull (craniology), and, today, genes.
Others pointed to the strong differences in people’s backgrounds, experiences, training, or
ways of learning. It may surprise you to know that a big champion of this view was Alfred Binet,
the inventor of the IQ test. Wasn’t the IQ test meant to summarize children’s unchangeable
intelligence? In fact, no. Binet, a Frenchman working in Paris in the early twentieth century,
designed this test to identify children who were not profiting from the Paris public schools, so
that new educational programs could be designed to get them back on track. Without denying
individual differences in children’s intellects, he believed that education and practice could
bring about fundamental changes in intelligence. Here is a quote from one of his major books,
Modern Ideas About Children, in which he summarizes his work with hundreds of children with
learning difficulties:
A few modern philosophers . . . assert that an individual’s intelligence is a fixed quantity, a
quantity which cannot be increased. We must protest and react against this brutal pessimism. .
. . With practice, training, and above all, method, we manage to increase our attention, our
memory, our judgment and literally to become more intelligent than we were before.
Who’s right? Today most experts agree that it’s not either–or. It’s not nature or nurture, genes
or environment. From conception on, there’s a constant give and take between the two. In fact,
as Gilbert Gottlieb, an eminent neuroscientist, put it, not only do genes and environment
cooperate as we develop, but genes require input from the environment to work properly.
At the same time, scientists are learning that people have more capacity for lifelong learning
and brain development than they ever thought. Of course, each person has a unique genetic
endowment. People may start with different temperaments and different aptitudes, but it is
clear that experience, training, and personal effort take them the rest of the way. Robert
Sternberg, the present-day guru of intelligence, writes that the major factor in whether people
achieve expertise “is not some fixed prior ability, but purposeful engagement.” Or, as his
forerunner Binet recognized, it’s not always the people who start out the smartest who end up
the smartest.
WHAT DOES ALL THIS MEAN FOR YOU? THE TWO MINDSETS
It’s one thing to have pundits spouting their opinions about scientific issues. It’s another thing
to understand how these views apply to you. For twenty years, my research has shown that
the view you adopt for yourself profoundly affects the way you lead your life. It can determine
whether you become the person you want to be and whether you accomplish the things you
value. How does this happen? How can a simple belief have the power to transform your
psychology and, as a result, your life?
Believing that your qualities are carved in stone—the fixed mindset—creates an urgency to
prove yourself over and over. If you have only a certain amount of intelligence, a certain
personality, and a certain moral character—well, then you’d better prove that you have a
healthy dose of them. It simply wouldn’t do to look or feel deficient in these most basic
characteristics.
Some of us are trained in this mindset from an early age. Even as a child, I was focused on
being smart, but the fixed mindset was really stamped in by Mrs. Wilson, my sixth-grade
teacher. Unlike Alfred Binet, she believed that people’s IQ scores told the whole story of who
they were. We were seated around the room in IQ order, and only the highest-IQ students
could be trusted to carry the flag, clap the erasers, or take a note to the principal. Aside from
the daily stomachaches she provoked with her judgmental stance, she was creating a mindset
in which everyone in the class had one consuming goal—look smart, don’t look dumb. Who
cared about or enjoyed learning when our whole being was at stake every time she gave us a
test or called on us in class?
I’ve seen so many people with this one consuming goal of proving themselves—in the
classroom, in their careers, and in their relationships. Every situation calls for a confirmation of
their intelligence, personality, or character. Every situation is evaluated: Will I succeed or fail?
Will I look smart or dumb? Will I be accepted or rejected? Will I feel like a winner or a loser?
But doesn’t our society value intelligence, personality, and character? Isn’t it normal to want
these traits? Yes, but . . .
There’s another mindset in which these traits are not simply a hand you’re dealt and have to
live with, always trying to convince yourself and others that you have a royal flush when you’re
secretly worried it’s a pair of tens. In this mindset, the hand you’re dealt is just the starting point
for development. This growth mindset is based on the belief that your basic qualities are things
you can cultivate through your efforts. Although people may differ in every which way—in their
initial talents and aptitudes, interests, or temperaments—everyone can change and grow
through application and experience.
Do people with this mindset believe that anyone can be anything, that anyone with proper
motivation or education can become Einstein or Beethoven? No, but they believe that a
person’s true potential is unknown (and unknowable); that it’s impossible to foresee what can
be accomplished with years of passion, toil, and training.
Did you know that Darwin and Tolstoy were considered ordinary children? That Ben Hogan,
one of the greatest golfers of all time, was completely uncoordinated and graceless as a child?
That the photographer Cindy Sherman, who has been on virtually every list of the most
important artists of the twentieth century, failed her first photography course? That Geraldine
Page, one of our greatest actresses, was advised to give it up for lack of talent?
You can see how the belief that cherished qualities can be developed creates a passion for
learning. Why waste time proving over and over how great you are, when you could be getting
better? Why hide deficiencies instead of overcoming them? Why look for friends or partners
who will just shore up your self-esteem instead of ones who will also challenge you to grow?
And why seek out the tried and true, instead of experiences that will stretch you? The passion
for stretching yourself and sticking to it, even (or especially) when it’s not going well, is the
hallmark of the growth mindset. This is the mindset that allows people to thrive during some of
the most challenging times in their lives.
A VIEW FROM THE TWO MINDSETS
To give you a better sense of how the two mindsets work, imagine—as vividly as you
can—that you are a young adult having a really bad day:
One day, you go to a class that is really important to you and that you like a lot. The professor
returns the midterm papers to the class. You got a C+. You’re very disappointed. That evening
on the way back to your home, you find that you’ve gotten a parking ticket. Being really
frustrated, you call your best friend to share your experience but are sort of brushed off.
What would you think? What would you feel? What would you do?
When I asked people with the fixed mindset, this is what they said: “I’d feel like a reject.” “I’m a
total failure.” “I’m an idiot.” “I’m a loser.” “I’d feel worthless and dumb—everyone’s better than
me.” “I’m slime.” In other words, they’d see what happened as a direct measure of their
competence and worth.
This is what they’d think about their lives: “My life is pitiful.” “I have no life.” “Somebody upstairs
doesn’t like me.” “The world is out to get me.” “Someone is out to destroy me.” “Nobody loves
me, everybody hates me.” “Life is unfair and all efforts are useless.” “Life stinks. I’m stupid.
Nothing good ever happens to me.” “I’m the most unlucky person on this earth.”
Excuse me, was there death and destruction, or just a grade, a ticket, and a bad phone call?
Are these just people with low self-esteem? Or card-carrying pessimists? No. When they aren’t
coping with failure, they feel just as worthy and optimistic—and bright and attractive—as
people with the growth mindset.
So how would they cope? “I wouldn’t bother to put so much time and effort into doing well in
anything.” (In other words, don’t let anyone measure you again.) “Do nothing.” “Stay in bed.”
“Get drunk.” “Eat.” “Yell at someone if I get a chance to.” “Eat chocolate.” “Listen to music and
pout.” “Go into my closet and sit there.” “Pick a fight with somebody.” “Cry.” “Break something.”
“What is there to do?”
What is there to do! You know, when I wrote the vignette, I intentionally made the grade a C+,
not an F. It was a midterm rather than a final. It was a parking ticket, not a car wreck. They
were “sort of brushed off,” not rejected outright. Nothing catastrophic or irreversible happened.
Yet from this raw material the fixed mindset created the feeling of utter failure and paralysis.
When I gave people with the growth mindset the same vignette, here’s what they said. They’d
think:
“I need to try harder in class, be more careful when parking the car, and wonder if my friend
had a bad day.”
“The C+ would tell me that I’d have to work a lot harder in the class, but I have the rest of the
semester to pull up my grade.”
There were many, many more like this, but I think you get the idea. Now, how would they
cope? Directly.
“I’d start thinking about studying harder (or studying in a different way) for my next test in that
class, I’d pay the ticket, and I’d work things out with my best friend the next time we speak.”
“I’d look at what was wrong on my exam, resolve to do better, pay my parking ticket, and call
my friend to tell her I was upset the day before.”
“Work hard on my next paper, speak to the teacher, be more careful where I park or contest
the ticket, and find out what’s wrong with my friend.”
You don’t have to have one mindset or the other to be upset. Who wouldn’t be? Things like a
poor grade or a rebuff from a friend or loved one—these are not fun events. No one was
smacking their lips with relish. Yet those people with the growth mindset were not labeling
themselves and throwing up their hands. Even though they felt distressed, they were ready to
take the risks, confront the challenges, and keep working at them.
SO, WHAT’S NEW?
Is this such a novel idea? We have lots of sayings that stress the importance of risk and the
power of persistence, such as “Nothing ventured, nothing gained” and “If at first you don’t
succeed, try, try again” or “Rome wasn’t built in a day.” (By the way, I was delighted to learn
that the Italians have the same expression.) What is truly amazing is that people with the fixed
mindset would not agree. For them, it’s “Nothing ventured, nothing lost.” “If at first you don’t
succeed, you probably don’t have the ability.” “If Rome wasn’t built in a day, maybe it wasn’t
meant to be.” In other words, risk and effort are two things that might reveal your inadequacies
and show that you were not up to the task. In fact, it’s startling to see the degree to which
people with the fixed mindset do not believe in effort.